What is constructability?
Construction Industry Institute (CII) defines 'constructability' is the "optimum utilization of knowledge and construction experience into the planning, design, procurement and construction phase to achieve overall project objectives". CII developed the concept constructability in 1983, the Business Roundtable's Cicé conduct studies within 4 years to improve the quality, efficiency, productivity and compliance costs in the construction industry. The results are summarized in a report given the title "Integrating" (TCMC, 1991). Since that the CII at the University of Texas in the United States continued the research and establish local and regional groups to raise awareness about the benefits to be gained through constructability programs, such as improving the quality, reliability and cost-effective and time of the project.
CONSEPTUAL-> DESIGN->PROCUREMENT->CONSTRUCTION->START UP
Start----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Complete
Fig.1 Project Life
Constructability
concepts
In order to implement the concept of constructability CII (Buildability, UK) was made constructability program based of the seventeen concepts. Implementation starting from early stage is conceptual planning then design and procurement, and implementation on site.
The seventeen of the CII constructability concepts are as follows:
Conceptual Planning Phase:
Radtke et al. (1993) Project Level Model proposes to streamline the implementation of constructability programs. Implementation programs divided into corporate and project programs. According to Radtke at level project program, first; compile constructability capabilities, second; planning for the implementation of constructability and third; implementation of constructability
Innovation in The Construction Methods
A single concept of constructability in the construction phase on site is:
'Constructability increased when performed innovation in the construction methods '
Some sense of the term used for the purposes of this research that the term 'construction methods' is broad in scope and usually refers to the technical manner in which various construction resources are located. While the 'innovative construction methods' refers to the extraordinary way that is unusually carried out to completion of construction and general creative undertaken to address challenges in the field. 'Innovation' can be discerning subjective in this term, an example adaptation to the developing of non-construction aspect for development purposes may also be said to be innovative (O'Connor and Davis, 1988).
O'Connor and Davis (1988) describe a method of Construction Innovation include activities at the implementation stage as the following:
1. Innovation
in determination of sequence work of project
Implementation Constructability Program in Indonesia
The Contributions construction industry in Indonesia to increase the welfare of society is very significant. Amount of labor which absorbed in the construction industries sector increased from 2.8 million in 1990 to 3.5 million in years 2000. World Bank Report (2001) released approximately 1.400 contractors is a member of the Intellectual Property Rights (Association of Construction Experts Indonesia) and 43.000 small and medium sized contractors are members of the Construction Association of Indonesia (GAPENSI). Therefore, efficiency is a relevant issue in efforts to increase the performance of the Indonesia’s contractors for survives.
In construction projects the use of knowledge and construction experience to all project activities will result in cost and time efficiencies, improved quality and safety (Jergeas and Put, 2001). The Construction Industry Cost Effectiveness (Cicé) Task Force on U.S. estimates that the increase constructability could be saved 10 to 20 times the cost of the program constructability (TCMC, 1991). Study of the Construction Industry Institute (CII) in "Constructability" report 1986 showed that the implementation of constructability programs for specific projects could be saved 6% to 10% of construction costs (TCMC, 1991). Furthermore a case study conducted by Russell et al. showed that the increase in constructability will decrease 5% to 10% of the entire project time (Trigunarsyah, 1999).
The Greatest influence on increasing the performance of project when apply constructability program in the conceptual planning stages, design and procurement (pre-construction). However, in the construction stage also can still efforts to increase constructability by performing “innovation of construction method", of course the contractor can still getting benefits by implemented constructability at this stage though not as much as in the planning, design and procurement stages.
Implement construction experience into the design is very low when the traditional approach used. Trigunarsyah (2002) concluded that the project delivery in Indonesia generally use the traditional approach in which contractors and consultants is taken by a separate contract, that system causing no any contractor involvement in providing inputs for planning and design concepts. Consequently the opportunity for cost savings is lost due to the possibility of a design that does not 'construct-able'. Of course this is an opportunity for contractors to conduct constructability improvement through innovation of construction methods in the construction phase of the project.
Contractors and consultants in Indonesia still has not been formally implementing constructability programs. As in Malaysia constructability implementation does not well integrated and understanding to the constructability still individualized, the study of West Port Highway project conducted by Nima et al. (2002) pointed this out. They may understand the importance of modularization, pre-assembly and innovation of construction methods but it is not implemented in the integrated program. Many opportunities to improve the project performance are lost due to have not integration in constructability implementation.
The contractor may be doubt to performing innovation in construction methods for various reasons. Survey by Jergeas and Put (2001) described that some contractor doubt to make innovations in construction methods due to the three main constraints (perception): a) the fear of risk, b) fell it costly to do innovation, and c) it takes time to train site employees. But not least also some contractors who are motivated to perform an innovative in the construction methods as some of them are The Catalic Delta Constructions (DCC) in innovation of materials/construction of a temporary system for project-Bridge Road in Columbia, Hazama Co. to innovation in use sliding form to build Silo and pre-assembly panel precast at cement plant project in Kalimantan.
From the owners perspective may be implementation the constructability program during construction phase by conducting innovation of construction methods will contribute only a small benefit, not as much benefits as when if constructability implemented from pre-construction phase. From the perspective of the contractors applying the innovation of construction method is very important because at this stage the contractors role in to perform constructability improvement.
References: Anderson, Stuart D., “ Implementing Project Constructability: Design Problem Civil Engineering”
Jergeas, George, and John V. P., (2001), “Benefit of Constructability on Construction Project”, J. Constr. Mgmt., ASCE, 127
Nima, Mekdam A. et al., 2002, “Constructability Concept in West Port Highway in Malaysia”, J. Constr. Mgmt., ASCE, 128(4)
O’Connor, James T. and Victoria S. D., (1988), “Constructability Improvement During Field Operation” J. Constr. Mgmt., ASCE, 114(4), 549-563.
O’Connor, James T. and Tucker, R.L., (1986), “Industrial Project Constructability Improvement” J. Constr. Mgmt., ASCE, 112(1)
Radtke, M. W., and Russel, J. S., (1993), “Project Level Model Process for Imple-menting Constructability” J. Constr. Mgmt., ASCE
The Construction Management Committee, (1991), “Constructability and Construct- ability Programs: White Paper”, J. Constr. Mgmt., ASCE
Trigunarsyah, Bambang (1999), “ Implementing Constructability On Construction Industry In Indonesia”, Proposal Research, UI
Trigunarsyah, Bambang, (2002), “Constructability Practice Among Project Designers In Indonesia”, Journal Teknik Sipil Univ. Tarumanegara,
World Bank, (2001), “Indonesia Country Procurement Assesment Report Reforming the Public Procurement System” Report No.21 823.
Construction Industry Institute (CII) defines 'constructability' is the "optimum utilization of knowledge and construction experience into the planning, design, procurement and construction phase to achieve overall project objectives". CII developed the concept constructability in 1983, the Business Roundtable's Cicé conduct studies within 4 years to improve the quality, efficiency, productivity and compliance costs in the construction industry. The results are summarized in a report given the title "Integrating" (TCMC, 1991). Since that the CII at the University of Texas in the United States continued the research and establish local and regional groups to raise awareness about the benefits to be gained through constructability programs, such as improving the quality, reliability and cost-effective and time of the project.
CONSEPTUAL-> DESIGN->PROCUREMENT->CONSTRUCTION->START UP
Start----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Complete
Fig.1 Project Life
In order to implement the concept of constructability CII (Buildability, UK) was made constructability program based of the seventeen concepts. Implementation starting from early stage is conceptual planning then design and procurement, and implementation on site.
The seventeen of the CII constructability concepts are as follows:
Conceptual Planning Phase:
1. A
formal constructability program is made an integral part of the project
execution plans.
2. Early
project planning actively involves construction knowledge and experience.
3. Construction
personnel are involve in developing the project contracting strategy.
4. Project
schedules are sensitive to construction requirements.
5. Basic
design approaches Consider major construction methods Such as modularization or
preassembly.
6. Site
layout promotes efficient construction
7. Project
Team Participants Responsible for constructability are Identified early in the
project.
8. Such
advanced information technologies as 3D computer modeling or field notebook
computers are applied.
Design and Procurement Phase:
9. Design
and construction procurement schedules are driven.
10. Design are
configured to enable efficient construction considering issues like simplicity,
flexibility, sequencing of installation, and labor skills and availability.
11. Design
elements are standardized
12. Construction
efficiency is Considered in specification development.
13. Preassembly
modular design and are prepared to facilitate fabrication, transportation and
installation.
14. Construction
design promotes accessibility of personnel. Materials, and equipment.
15. Design facilitate
fabrication, transportation, and installation.
16. Design and
construction sequencing system facilitates the turn over and star-up
Construction Phase:
17. Innovative
construction methods are use-Such as innovative sequencing of field tasks, or
use of temporary construction system, or innovative use of construction
equipment.
Radtke et al. (1993) Project Level Model proposes to streamline the implementation of constructability programs. Implementation programs divided into corporate and project programs. According to Radtke at level project program, first; compile constructability capabilities, second; planning for the implementation of constructability and third; implementation of constructability
Innovation in The Construction Methods
A single concept of constructability in the construction phase on site is:
'Constructability increased when performed innovation in the construction methods '
Some sense of the term used for the purposes of this research that the term 'construction methods' is broad in scope and usually refers to the technical manner in which various construction resources are located. While the 'innovative construction methods' refers to the extraordinary way that is unusually carried out to completion of construction and general creative undertaken to address challenges in the field. 'Innovation' can be discerning subjective in this term, an example adaptation to the developing of non-construction aspect for development purposes may also be said to be innovative (O'Connor and Davis, 1988).
O'Connor and Davis (1988) describe a method of Construction Innovation include activities at the implementation stage as the following:
2. Innovations
in the use of materials / temporary construction systems
3. Innovations
in carpentry tools (hand tools)
4. Innovations
in the equipment use for construction
5. Constructor-optional
preassembly
6. Innovation
in temporary facilities
7. Options
'post-bid constructor' relationship with the layout, design and selection of
permanent material.
Implementation Constructability Program in Indonesia
The Contributions construction industry in Indonesia to increase the welfare of society is very significant. Amount of labor which absorbed in the construction industries sector increased from 2.8 million in 1990 to 3.5 million in years 2000. World Bank Report (2001) released approximately 1.400 contractors is a member of the Intellectual Property Rights (Association of Construction Experts Indonesia) and 43.000 small and medium sized contractors are members of the Construction Association of Indonesia (GAPENSI). Therefore, efficiency is a relevant issue in efforts to increase the performance of the Indonesia’s contractors for survives.
In construction projects the use of knowledge and construction experience to all project activities will result in cost and time efficiencies, improved quality and safety (Jergeas and Put, 2001). The Construction Industry Cost Effectiveness (Cicé) Task Force on U.S. estimates that the increase constructability could be saved 10 to 20 times the cost of the program constructability (TCMC, 1991). Study of the Construction Industry Institute (CII) in "Constructability" report 1986 showed that the implementation of constructability programs for specific projects could be saved 6% to 10% of construction costs (TCMC, 1991). Furthermore a case study conducted by Russell et al. showed that the increase in constructability will decrease 5% to 10% of the entire project time (Trigunarsyah, 1999).
The Greatest influence on increasing the performance of project when apply constructability program in the conceptual planning stages, design and procurement (pre-construction). However, in the construction stage also can still efforts to increase constructability by performing “innovation of construction method", of course the contractor can still getting benefits by implemented constructability at this stage though not as much as in the planning, design and procurement stages.
Implement construction experience into the design is very low when the traditional approach used. Trigunarsyah (2002) concluded that the project delivery in Indonesia generally use the traditional approach in which contractors and consultants is taken by a separate contract, that system causing no any contractor involvement in providing inputs for planning and design concepts. Consequently the opportunity for cost savings is lost due to the possibility of a design that does not 'construct-able'. Of course this is an opportunity for contractors to conduct constructability improvement through innovation of construction methods in the construction phase of the project.
Contractors and consultants in Indonesia still has not been formally implementing constructability programs. As in Malaysia constructability implementation does not well integrated and understanding to the constructability still individualized, the study of West Port Highway project conducted by Nima et al. (2002) pointed this out. They may understand the importance of modularization, pre-assembly and innovation of construction methods but it is not implemented in the integrated program. Many opportunities to improve the project performance are lost due to have not integration in constructability implementation.
The contractor may be doubt to performing innovation in construction methods for various reasons. Survey by Jergeas and Put (2001) described that some contractor doubt to make innovations in construction methods due to the three main constraints (perception): a) the fear of risk, b) fell it costly to do innovation, and c) it takes time to train site employees. But not least also some contractors who are motivated to perform an innovative in the construction methods as some of them are The Catalic Delta Constructions (DCC) in innovation of materials/construction of a temporary system for project-Bridge Road in Columbia, Hazama Co. to innovation in use sliding form to build Silo and pre-assembly panel precast at cement plant project in Kalimantan.
From the owners perspective may be implementation the constructability program during construction phase by conducting innovation of construction methods will contribute only a small benefit, not as much benefits as when if constructability implemented from pre-construction phase. From the perspective of the contractors applying the innovation of construction method is very important because at this stage the contractors role in to perform constructability improvement.
References: Anderson, Stuart D., “ Implementing Project Constructability: Design Problem Civil Engineering”
Jergeas, George, and John V. P., (2001), “Benefit of Constructability on Construction Project”, J. Constr. Mgmt., ASCE, 127
Nima, Mekdam A. et al., 2002, “Constructability Concept in West Port Highway in Malaysia”, J. Constr. Mgmt., ASCE, 128(4)
O’Connor, James T. and Victoria S. D., (1988), “Constructability Improvement During Field Operation” J. Constr. Mgmt., ASCE, 114(4), 549-563.
O’Connor, James T. and Tucker, R.L., (1986), “Industrial Project Constructability Improvement” J. Constr. Mgmt., ASCE, 112(1)
Radtke, M. W., and Russel, J. S., (1993), “Project Level Model Process for Imple-menting Constructability” J. Constr. Mgmt., ASCE
The Construction Management Committee, (1991), “Constructability and Construct- ability Programs: White Paper”, J. Constr. Mgmt., ASCE
Trigunarsyah, Bambang (1999), “ Implementing Constructability On Construction Industry In Indonesia”, Proposal Research, UI
Trigunarsyah, Bambang, (2002), “Constructability Practice Among Project Designers In Indonesia”, Journal Teknik Sipil Univ. Tarumanegara,
World Bank, (2001), “Indonesia Country Procurement Assesment Report Reforming the Public Procurement System” Report No.21 823.
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